Synergistic antimicrobial compositions containing 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan

ABSTRACT

Synergistic compositions for inhibiting microbial growth contain synergistic mixtures including 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan (&#34;BNEF&#34;) and a compound selected from the group consisting of beta-nitrostyrene (&#34;NS&#34;), beta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene (&#34;BNS&#34;), methylchloro/isothiazolone (&#34;IZN&#34;), methylenebisthiocyanate (&#34;MBT&#34;), 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (&#34;DBNPA&#34;), 2-bromo-2-bromomethyl-glutaronitrile (&#34;BBMGN&#34;), alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (&#34;ADBAC&#34;), and beta-nitrovinyl furan (&#34;NVF&#34;). The synergistic compositions are effective against a wide spectrum of bacteria, algae and fungi. An antimicrobial composition comprising the synergistic mixture and a carrier is also disclosed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to antimicrobial compositions,and more particularly to new antimicrobial compositions comprisingsynergistic mixtures of 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan ("BNEF") andcertain other biocides.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The use of antimicrobial agents to eliminate or control the growth ofvarious microorganisms is widely known. For example, it is known to useantimicrobial agents to control the growth of microorganisms in avariety of industrial processes, including those relating to the paint,pulp, paper, oil, rubber and tobacco industries; to use antimicrobialsin commercial settings, particularly to disinfect contaminated surfaces;and to include antimicrobial agents in a wide variety of household goodssuch as foods, cosmetics and toiletries.

To accommodate such needs, a variety of antimicrobial agents are known.However, despite the many commercially available antimicrobials, nosingle agent is entirely suitable for every application. Problems withefficacy, safety, environmental acceptability and cost make certainantimicrobials more or less suitable for a particular application.

Certain advantages of using a combination of antimicrobial agents in asingle application are known in the art. For example, it is known that acombination of agents may provide an antimicrobial which is effectiveagainst a broader spectrum of microbes than are controlled by a singleagent alone. This broad spectrum coverage is especially useful inindustrial applications where a diversity of microorganisms isfrequently encountered.

It is also known that using a combination of antimicrobials can make theagents more effective when the antimicrobial composition is to be usedover an extended course of treatment. One reason for this increasedeffectiveness is that a combination of antimicrobials is lesssusceptible to having the targeted microbes develop a resistance to theantimicrobial agent because microorganisms cannot readily adapt to morethan one active ingredient at a time.

Moreover, using a combination of agents enables one to take advantage ofantimicrobials which have different, yet complementary, physiochemicalproperties.

In light of this background, there is a continuing need for uniqueantimicrobial compositions comprising combinations of antimicrobialagents. The present invention addresses this need.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a synergisticcomposition for inhibiting microbial growth comprising2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan ("BNEF") and a compound (i.e. one ormore compounds) selected from the group consisting of beta-nitrostyrene("NS"), beta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene ("BNS"), methylchloro/isothiazolone("IZN"), methylenebisthiocyanate ("MBT"),2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide ("DBNPA"),2-bromo-2-bromomethyl-glutaronitrile ("BBMGN"),alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride ("ADBAC"), and beta-nitrovinylfuran ("NVF"). These synergistic compositions may further include acarrier to provide the antimicrobial agent in liquid form.

Another preferred embodiment of the invention relates to anantimicrobial composition comprising a synergistic mixture including2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan ("BNEF") and a compound (i.e. one ormore compounds) selected from the group consisting of beta-nitrostyrene("NS"), beta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene ("BNS"), methylchloro/isothiazolone("IZN"), methylenebisthiocyanate ("MBT"),2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide ("DBNPA"),2-bromo-2-bromomethyl-glutaronitrile ("BBMGN"),alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride ("ADBAC"), and beta-nitrovinylfuran ("NVF") and a carrier in liquid form.

Still another preferred embodiment of the invention provides a method ofinhibiting growth of microbes. This method comprises contacting themicrobes with an antimicrobially effective amount of a synergisticcomposition including 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan ("BNEF") and acompound (i.e. one or more compounds) selected from the group consistingof beta-nitrostyrene ("NS"), beta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene ("BNS"),methylchloro/isothiazolone ("IZN"), methylenebisthiocyanate ("MBT"),2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide ("DBNPA"),2-bromo-2-bromomethyl-glutaronitrile ("BBMGN"),alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride ("ADBAC"), and beta-nitrovinylfuran ("NVF").

It is one object of the present invention to provide new, synergisticmixtures for use as antimicrobial agents.

Another object of the invention is to provide an antimicrobialcomposition which comprises the synergistic mixtures in a liquidcarrier.

Still another object of the invention is to provide methods forinhibiting microbial growth using the synergistic mixtures.

Related objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparentfrom the following description.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of theinvention, reference will now be made to certain embodiments andspecific language will be used to describe the same. It willnevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of theinvention is thereby intended, such alterations and furthermodifications and applications of the principles of the invention asdescribed herein being contemplated as would normally occur to oneskilled in the art to which the invention relates.

The present invention relates to synergistic mixtures of2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan ("BNEF") and other biocides. Thesynergistic mixtures are active against Gram negative bacteria such asPseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram positive bacteria such as Bacillussubtilis, fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Chaetomium globosum(molds), and fungi such as Saccharomyces sp. (yeasts).

Concerning the specific components of the synergistic compositions, BNEFcan be produced from furfural, an inexpensive biodegradable agriculturalwaste product, and is preferably formed according to the method setforth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,377 to McCoy and Thornburgh. The otherantimicrobials of the present invention are commercially available andcan be made by procedures known to the art.

As indicated, the present invention relates to synergistic combinationsof antimicrobial agents. In this regard, as known, synergism refers to acase in which the performance of two or more active ingredients isimproved relative to the sum of their individual performances. Themethod used to determine synergism is generally disclosed by Kull et.al., in "Mixtures of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Long-chain FattyAcids as Antifungal Agents," Applied Microbiology 9:538-41 (1961), andis well known in the art.

The Kull et al. method of determining synergism defines a "SynergismIndex" as follows:

    Q.sub.A /Q.sub.a +Q.sub.B /Q.sub.b =Synergism Index (SI);

where Q_(a) and Q_(b) are the quantities of compound A or B that producean endpoint when acting alone, and where Q_(A) and Q_(B) are thequantities of compound A or B acting in the A/B mixture required toproduce an endpoint. The endpoint is defined by the particular testmethod employed, as for example the ASTM standardized tests for theMinimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).

To determine synergism, one evaluates the Synergism Index. Where SI isequal to 1, the performance of the combination of ingredients is said tobe additive. In that case the performance of the ingredients in themixture is equal to the sum of their individual performances, and nosynergism is displayed. Where the synergism index is greater than 1,antagonism exists. In that case, the performance of the ingredients inthe mixture is less than the sum of their individual performances andsynergism is again not displayed. Where the SI is less than 1, theperformance of the mixture superior to the sum of the individualperformances, and synergism exists.

The synergistic compositions disclosed herein are preferably dissolvedor otherwise incorporated in a liquid carrier prior to use but may alsobe added directly to aqueous systems. Although a wide variety ofcarriers may be used, preferred carriers include tetrahydrofurfurylalcohol, dimethyl formamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, and propylenecarbonate. When in a liquid carrier, the concentration of activeingredients together may be any concentration and is limited only by theamounts that can be advantageously incorporated in the carrier used. Forexample, where a composition in solution form is desired, theconcentration of actives will of course be limited by the solubility ofthe actives in the particular carrier employed. In preferred cases, theactives together will comprise up to about 20%, most often about 1-10%,of the liquid composition with the carrier comprising the remainder ofthe composition.

EXAMPLE 1

A synergistic composition according to the present invention can be madeby dissolving BNEF and beta-nitrostyrene ("NS") together in THFA at roomtemperature. Alternatively, the active ingredients can be added to themedia to be treated from separate solutions to achieve the samesynergistic effect. A wide range of ratios of the two active ingredientscan be used, depending on the microorganism to be controlled. Forexample, to control the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the ratio ofBNEF to NS may be as low as 1:125. To control growth of Chaetomiumglobosum, the ratio of BNEF to NS may be 2:1. Preferred ratios of BNEFto NS for use with other microorganisms typically lie in the range ofabout 2:1 to about 1:125.

EXAMPLES 2-8

Further synergistic compositions according to the present invention aremade by dissolving BNEF and any member of the group consisting ofbeta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene ("BNS"), methylchloro/isothiazolone("IZN"), methylenebisthiocyanate ("MBT"),2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide ("DBNPA"),2-bromo-2-bromomethyl-glutaronitrile ("BBMGN"),alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride ("ADBAC"), and beta-nitrovinylfuran ("NVF") together in THFA at room temperature. Again, a wide rangeof ratios of the two active ingredients can be used, depending onseveral factors including the microorganism to be controlled. Forexample, preferred ratios of BNEF to the other antimicrobials generallyare about 8:1 to about 1:32 for BNS; about 7:1 to about 1:1 for IZN;about 3:1 to about 1:1 for MBT; about 1:1 to about 1:2500 for DBNPA;about 1:1 to about 1:15 for BBMGN; about 1:5 to about 1:41 for ADBAC;and about 1:1 to about 1:89 for NVF.

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATIONS

Tables 1-8 disclose synergistic combinations of BNEF and other biocides.The method used for this study was a minimum inhibitory concentration("MIC") analysis in an appropriate growth medium. Pure cultures of themicroorganisms were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection(ATCC) or directly from the environment and identified by standardbiochemical and microscopic tests. Each organism was grown innutrient-rich media recommended by ATCC. Sterile media was theninoculated with the test organism and a dose of one or bothantimicrobials. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BNEF andthe other biocide was first separately determined. Then, a wide range ofBNEF/other biocide combinations were tested systematically untilsynergistic compositions were discovered. In the experimentalevaluations provided herewith, the MIC endpoint for each organism isdefined as the lowest concentration which completely inhibits microbialgrowth for up to 48 hours of incubation for bacteria and 72hours forfungi. In the following Tables 1-8, data designated as Qa and QA in eachcase is for BNEF, and data designated as Qb and QB in each case is theother antimicrobial (i.e., NS, BNS, IZN, etc.).

                  TABLE 1                                                         ______________________________________                                        BNEF with Beta-nitrostyrene (NS)                                                          Concentrations (ppm)                                              Microorganism Qa     Qb     QA   QB   SI   QA:QB                              ______________________________________                                        Pseudomonas aeruginosa                                                                      1.56   25.0   0.78 6.25 0.75 1:8                                                            0.39 12.50                                                                              0.75 1:32                                                           0.78 3.10 0.63 1:4                                                            0.20 12.50                                                                              0.63 1:62.5                                                         0.10 12.50                                                                              0.56 1:125                              Bacillus subtilis                                                                           3.10   12.50  1.56 3.13 0.75 1:2                                                            0.78 6.25 0.75 1:8                                Aspergillus niger                                                                           0.78   3.00   0.20 1.50 0.75 1:7.5                              Chaetomium globosum                                                                         1.56   3.00   0.78 0.38 0.63 2:1                                                            0.39 1.50 0.75 1:4                                                            0.20 1.50 0.63 1:7.5                              Saccharomyces sp.                                                                           0.39   1.50   0.20 0.38 0.75 1:2                                ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 2                                                         ______________________________________                                        BNEF with beta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene (BNS)                                              Concentrations (ppm)                                              Microorganism Qa     Qb     QA   QB   SI   QA:QB                              ______________________________________                                        Pseudomonas aeruginosa                                                                      2.08   4.25   1.04 0.13 0.53 8:1                                                            1.04 0.26 0.56 4:1                                                            1.04 0.53 0.75 2:1                                                            0.52 1.10 0.50 1:2                                                            0.26 2.10 0.63 1:8                                                            0.13 2.10 0.56 1:16                               Bacillus subtilis                                                                           3.10   12.50  0.78 0.78 0.31 1:1                                                            0.78 1.56 0.37 1:2                                                            0.78 3.13 0.50 1:4                                                            0.39 1.56 0.25 1:4                                                            0.39 3.13 0.38 1:8                                                            0.39 6.25 0.63 1:16                                                           0.20 6.25 0.63 1:31.3                             Aspergillus niger                                                                           0.78   3.00   0.39 0.75 0.75 1:2                                                            0.20 1.50 0.75 1:7.5                                                          0.10 1.50 0.62 1:15                               Chaetomium globosum                                                                         1.56   3.00   0.78 0.75 0.75 1:1                                                            0.39 1.50 0.75 1:3.8                              Saccharomyces sp.                                                                           0.39   1.50   0.20 0.38 0.75 1:1.9                                                          0.10 0.75 0.75 1:7.5                                                          0.05 0.75 0.63 1:15                               ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 3                                                         ______________________________________                                        BNEF with methylchloro/isothiazolone (IZN)                                                Concentrations (ppm)                                              Microorganism Qa     Qb     QA   QB   SI   QA:QB                              ______________________________________                                        Pseudomonas aeruginosa                                                                      1.56   0.43   0.78 0.27 0.56 2.8:1                                                          0.78 0.53 0.62 1.5:1                                                          0.78 0.11 0.75 7:1                                                            0.39 0.11 0.50 3.5:1                                                          0.39 0.21 0.75 2:1                                                            0.20 0.21 0.63 1:1                                Bacillus subtilis                                                                           3.10   0.43   0.78 0.11 0.51 7:1                                                            0.39 0.21 0.63 1.8:1                              Saccharomyces sp.                                                                           0.39   0.80   0.20 0.10 0.63 2:1                                                            0.20 0.20 0.75 1:1                                                            0.10 0.40 0.75 1:4                                                            0.05 0.40 0.63 1:8                                ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 4                                                         ______________________________________                                        BNEF with methylenebisthiocyanate (MBT)                                                   Concentrations (ppm)                                              Microorganism Qa     Qb     QA   QB   SI   QA:QB                              ______________________________________                                        Pseudomonas aeruginosa                                                                      2.08   0.63   1.04 0.78 0.62 1.3:1                                                          0.52 0.16 0.50 3.3:1                                                          0.52 0.31 0.75 1.7:1                                                          0.26 0.31 0.63 1:1.2                              ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 5                                                         ______________________________________                                        BNEF with 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA)                                   Concentrations (ppm)                                                  Microorganism                                                                           Qa      Qb      QA   QB     SI   QA:QB                              ______________________________________                                        Pseudomonas                                                                             2.08    5.20    1.04 1.30   0.75 1:1.3                              aeruginosa                                                                    Bacillus subtilis                                                                       0.78    3.90    0.39 0.98   0.75 1:2.5                              Aspergillus niger                                                                       0.78    250.00  0.20 125.00 0.75 1:625                                                        0.10 125.00 0.63 1:1250                                                       0.05 125.00 0.56 1:2500                             ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 6                                                         ______________________________________                                        BNEF with 2-bromo-2-bromomethyl-glutaronitrile (BBMGN)                                    Concentrations (ppm)                                              Microorganism Qa     Qb     QA   QB   SI   QA:QB                              ______________________________________                                        Pseudomonas aeruginosa                                                                      2.08   7.80   1.04 0.98 0.63 1.1:1                                                          1.04 1.95 0.75 1:1.9                                                          0.52 1.95 0.50 1:3.8                                                          0.52 3.90 0.75 1:7.5                                                          0.26 3.90 0.63 1:15                               Bacillus subtilis                                                                           0.78   3.90   0.39 0.97 0.75 1:2.5                                                          0.20 1.94 0.75 1:9.7                              ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 7                                                         ______________________________________                                        BNEF alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (ADBAC)                                        Concentrations (ppm)                                               Microorganism                                                                              Qa     Qb     QA    QB   SI   QA:QB                              ______________________________________                                        Aspergillus niger                                                                          0.78   15.6   0.39  1.95 0.51 1:5                                                           0.39  3.90 0.75 1:10                                                          0.19  7.80 0.50 1:41                               Chaetomium globosum                                                                        1.56   7.80   0.39  3.90 0.75 1:10                               ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 8                                                         ______________________________________                                        BNEF with beta-nitrovinyl furan (NVF)                                                     Concentrations (ppm)                                              Microorganism Qa     Qb     QA   QB   SI   QA:QB                              ______________________________________                                        Pseudomonas aeruginosa                                                                      2.08   12.50  1.04 1.56 0.62 1:1.5                                                          1.04 3.13 0.75 1:3                                                            0.52 3.13 0.50 1:6                                                            0.52 6.25 0.75 1:12                                                           0.26 6.25 0.63 1:24                                                           0.13 6.25 0.56 1:48                                                           0.07 6.25 0.53 1:89                               Bacillus subtilis                                                                           0.78   12.50  0.19 6.25 0.75 1:33                                                           0.10 6.25 0.51 1:62.5                             ______________________________________                                    

The antimicrobial compositions described above can be seen to exhibitsynergistic activity with respect to a variety of common microorganisms.However, the examples disclosed herein should not be considered todisclose all possible microorganisms which may be controlled by thesynergistic combinations, nor should the identified ranges be viewed aslimiting in nature. All synergistic antimicrobial combinations of theidentified ingredients are intended to be within the scope of thepresent invention, and all antimicrobial uses thereof are intended to beclaimed.

We claim:
 1. A method of inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosacomprising contacting said Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an effectiveamount of a synergistic composition including2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan and beta-nitrostyrene, the weight ratioof 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan to beta-nitrostyrene being from about1:4 to about 1:125.
 2. A method of inhibiting the growth of Bacillussubtilis comprising contacting said Bacillus subtilis with an effectiveamount of a synergistic composition including2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan and beta-nitrostyrene, the weight ratioof 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan to beta-nitrostyrene being from about1:2 to about 1:8.
 3. A method of inhibiting the growth of Aspergillusniger comprising contacting said Aspergillus niger with an effectiveamount of a synergistic composition including2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan and beta-nitrostyrene, the weight ratioof 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan to beta-nitrostyrene being about1:7.5.
 4. A method of inhibiting the growth of Chaetomium globosum ofcomprising contacting said Chaetomium globosum with an effective amountof a synergistic composition including 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furanand beta-nitrostyrene, the weight ratio of2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan to beta-nitrostyrene being from about2:1 to about 1:7.5.
 5. A method of inhibiting the growth ofSaccharomyces sp. comprising contacting said Saccharomyces sp. with aneffective amount of a synergistic composition including2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan and beta-nitrostyrene, the weight ratioof 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan to beta-nitrostyrene being about 1:2.6. A method of inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosacomprising contacting Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an effective amount ofa synergistic composition including 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan andbeta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene, the weight ratio of2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan to beta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene beingfrom about 8:1 to about 1:16.
 7. A method of inhibiting the growth ofBacillus subtilis comprising the contacting said Bacillus subtilis withan effective amount of a synergistic composition including2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan and beta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene, theweight ratio of 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan tobeta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene being from about 1:1 to about 1:31.3.
 8. Amethod of inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus niger comprisingcontacting said Aspergillus niger with an effective amount of asynergistic composition including 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan andbeta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene, the weight ratio of2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan to beta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene beingfrom about 1:2 to about 1:15.
 9. A method of inhibiting the growth ofChaetomium globosum of comprising contacting said Chaetomium globosumwith an effective amount of a synergistic composition including2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan and beta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene, theweight ratio of 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan tobeta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene being from about 1:1 to about 1:3.8.
 10. Amethod of inhibiting the growth of Saccharomyces sp. comprisingcontacting said Saccharomyces sp. with an effective amount of asynergistic composition including 2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan andbeta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene, the weight ratio of2-(2-bromo-2-nitroethenyl)furan to beta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene beingfrom about 1:1.9 to about 1:15.